Hydroxychloroquine + azithromycin is not a treatment for COVID-19

The second paper in our series on "Coronavirus science simplified". The talented TenMei is taking cutting-edge papers on Coronavirus and boiling them down to an illustrated abstract. Today's paper is "Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19". You can read the original here, but watch out - the study is seriously flawed and these drugs are not recommended. See the key messages simplified:

Robotsoldaten van het Bloed

Wout is een normale jongen van 7 jaar die toevallig een primaire immuundeficiëntie heeft, veroorzaakt door een genetische
fout in zijn afweersysteem.
Dit is het verhaal over het leven van Wout en hoe het immuunsysteem werkt. Iedere maand naar het ziekenhuis voor behandelingen is voor hem de normaalste zaak van de wereld. Hij vindt het niets bijzonders, maar hij weet hoe bang zijn ouders zijn wanneer hij ziek wordt. Wout vindt het veel belangrijker dat zijn
vriendjes gevaccineerd zijn zodat hij met ze kan blijven spelen!

Robotsoldaten van het Bloed!

Battle Robots of the Blood

• A new children’s book ‘Battle Robots of the Blood’, authored by Institute researcher Prof. Adrian Liston, launches today on Amazon.
• Expert immunology knowledge and beautiful illustrations combine to create an engaging story about our immune system.
• The books tells the story of Tim, a seven year old boy with a faulty immune system, and the dangers of the world around him, including his best, but unvaccinated, friend Janie.
• Read it as an ebook for free or order your own copy.

Immunology expertise has combined with beautifully evocative illustrations to create an engaging book for children and their parents. A new children’s book ‘Battle Robots of the Blood’ launches today on Amazon. The book’s story was developed by Professor Adrian Liston, a senior group leader at the Babraham Institute, and visually brought to life by scientist and illustrator Dr Sonia Agüera-Gonzales (Tenmei). 

Speaking about his motivation for developing the book, Prof. Liston said: “I have been working on understanding primary immune deficiencies for more than 10 years now. I have such tremendous respect for these kids – they are tough and unphased by situations that would have adults in tears. Vaccines are such an easy way that we can help. The science is clear: vaccines are the almost perfect medicine. And yet the anti-vax movement keeps on spreading lies. As an immunologist I want to fight back not only with science, but also with stories, to engage children and parents on the benefits of vaccination.”

“Creating the book was a huge amount of fun. I drew inspiration from my own son’s matter-of-fact approach to life. Sonia brought in her own experience as a virologist and her illustrations beautifully bring the emotion of the story to life.”

The book tells the story of Tim, a seven year old who lives a slightly different life to the majority of us. After being introduced to different aspects of Tim’s life, we find out that he has a primary immune deficiency disorder, which means that his immune system can’t protect him against attack from the bacteria and viruses that cause disease. This puts him in in grave danger, especially when exposed to diseases that people could be protected against by vaccination. The story is told in an engaging and light-hearted manner, but still carries the message that vaccination is important for everyone and protects the most vulnerable.

Professor Liston has drawn upon the linguistic skills of his international laboratory to translate the book into nine additional languages, to be released soon. Speaking about the translations, Prof. Liston explained: “The Coronavirus pandemic teaches us that viruses don’t respect borders or linguistic barriers. For vaccination to be truly effective at protecting vulnerable people like Tim, we need to have almost everyone else in the community vaccinated. As scientists we have been historically poor at reaching out to the immigrant component of our communities, and this is reflected by lower vaccination rates. The Babraham Institute wants to start engaging all people in our community, and publishing translations in languages from Hindu and Urdo to Polish and French is a way of engaging us all in the fight against infectious diseases”.

At the end of the book, there are educational materials. For Dr. Agüera-Gonzalez it was important to include science activities. “Most of the science educational books out there cover experiments and concepts for older children, usually above 10 years old. Last year I found a father unsuccessfully searching for activity books in a bookstore with his 5 years old daughter, and I thought then I wanted to fill that gap. I wanted to provide parents and teachers with not only a book, but an experience to learn about immune deficiencies and vaccination at home or in the classroom.”

The book is available to order through Amazon. Proceeds from the book will be used to fund immunology research at the Babraham Institute and to support public engagement activities around immunology and vaccination. As a special deal to help parents deal with the Coronavirus lockdown, we are making the book free to purcahse for the next five days.

Virus Outbreak simulator

The Liston lab has collaborated with Dr Simon Andrews at Babraham Bioinformatics to create an interactive model of virus outbreak spreading. We are asking for feedback on this beta version, try it out and tweet to us at Virus Break.

To play Virus Outbreak, pick a virus (Coronavirus, flu, ebola or measles) and simulate a viral outbreak in the community. The default settings are based on real medical data, but you can modify the viral properties - change the virulence (rate of new infections), lethality, incubation period and symptomatic period. Find out why an ebola virus with the virulence of measles is the worst nightmare of virologists, run simulations of flu vs Coronavirus to see why medical experts are sounding the alarm. 

In Virus Outbreak, you don't only control the virus, you control the response against the virus. Let the virus run free to create "herd immunity", or pick between vaccination, quarantine or social distancing to see what difference they can make. Change your mind on the policy? Hit "stop", go into properties to change the policy, then go back and hit "start" to see how the simulation changes. Take a look at this video where we start social distancing after the outbreak is already established:

New infections grind to a halt. It takes a week for the death rate to drop, because there are asymptomatic people built into the system, but it works! Give it a try here.

Unlocking The Secrets Of A Rare Immune Disease

by Adrian Liston and Josselyn Garcia-Perez 

Primary immunodeficiencies (PID) are a heterogeneous group of disorders that disturb the host’s immunity, creating susceptibility to infections. PIDs are genetically diverse, with mutations in many different genes capable of causing immunodeficiency. The clinical symptoms of PIDs include, but are not limited to, susceptibility to infections, inflammation, and autoimmunity, although each gene mutated, and indeed each individual mutation, can lead to different manifestations.

Central to understanding PIDs is to understand which immune cell type is rendered defective by the mutation the patient carries. The type of infections the patient develops is often a key indicator of the underlying immunodeficiency; for example, pulmonary infections and bacterial septicemia are associated with B cell defect, whereas fungal susceptibility is associated with defects in certain types of T cells. Candidate pathways can be investigated using genetics and immune screening, and successful identification of the underlying causes allows a treatment program to be tailored to the patient.

Read the full story on Science Trends

Seminar notes

Amazing lecture notes on my recent CIMR seminar from Dr Jane Goodall. You can follow her and her lecture notes on twitter @Beautifullight1

Translational Immunology lab in the news

Our research was featured tonight on VRT News:

Speaking roles by Carine Wouters, Erika Van Nieuwenhove and Adrian Liston. Cameos from Stephanie Humblet-Baron, John Barber and Pier-Andree Penttila

 

 

Original research: Van Nieuwenhove et al. 2018 Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. "A kindred with mutant IKAROS and autoimmunity"

If you would like to support our clinical research, and allow us to take on more cases like these, you can make a tax-deductable donation the Ped IMID fund, by transferring to IBAN-number BE45 7340 1941 7789, BIC-code: KREDBEBB with the label "voor EBD-FOPIIA-O2010".

Off the Bench

An interview on science communication with Off the Bench

Gregor Mendel's scientific publications

We were at Gregor Mendel's abby in Brno (Czech Republic) recently, where the key work on pea genetics was performed. Smooth vs wrinkly, green vs yellow, nicely segregating in pea crops.

In retrospect, these were key experiments for the formation of genetics, but you can hardly blame anyone for missing their importance for decades: Mendel was hardly a science communicator. He hardly published his work, and then only in obscure journals, and presented his research in front of a grand total of 40 scientists. Science needs communication! 

Factchecker: 'De Belg is steeds minder resistent tegen bacteriën'

‘Belg is steeds minder resistent tegen bacteriën’

Jan Jagers Uit Knack van 16/08/17

Ondernemer Kurt Van Tendeloo (Hygieia), Gazet van Antwerpen

De afgelopen weken hadden opvallend veel jongeren op bivak te kampen met maag- en darmproblemen. ‘In deze periode woekeren bacteriën meer dan anders’, zei Kurt Van Tendeloo daarover in Gazet van Antwerpen. Zijn bedrijf Hygieia geeft advies over voedselveiligheid en allergenenbeheer, en gaf dat ook al aan jeugdverenigingen specifiek voor op kamp, lazen we in de krant. ‘De dioxinecrisis heeft van België een land met extreme aandacht voor voedselveiligheid gemaakt’, zei Van Tendeloo. ‘Positief, maar hierdoor is de Belg minder resistent geworden omdat we zo weinig met bacteriën in aanraking komen. Vroeger werden kinderen ook ziek op kamp, maar niet met twintig tegelijk.’

Dat ons overmatig antibioticagebruik bacteriën doet muteren waardoor die geneesmiddelen almaar minder goed werken, is een gekend probleem. Wat Van Tendeloo zegt, gaat evenwel niet over antibioticaresistentie, maar over ons immuunsysteem. Is de ‘Belg steeds minder resistent tegen bacteriën’, zoals Gazet van Antwerpen kopte? Waarop steunt die uitspraak?

‘Niet op wetenschap’, zegt aan de telefoon Van Tendeloo, die kok is van opleiding. ‘Maar ik sta al meer dan twintig jaar in het vak, in grootkeukens, en zetel met actuele kennis van zaken in commissies die de voedselveiligheid daar bewaken. Voedselveiligheid is van levensbelang, in het bijzonder bij kwetsbare groepen zoals kinderen of senioren. Maar de appel die vroeger thuis op de grond viel, werd afgewassen en toch opgegeten. Vandaag niet meer. En dat breekt ons zuur op.’

Leert dat ook de wetenschap? We komen inderdaad minder in aanraking met bacteriën en allergenen, allerhande stoffen en microben die ons afweersysteem prikkelen, zegt viroloog Marc Van Ranst (KU Leuven). ‘Het aantal keizersneden is gestegen, moeders geven meer flessenvoeding dan vroeger, en we groeien meer op in stadsomgevingen dan op de boerderij’, zegt hij. ‘Het aantal allergieën is de afgelopen twintig jaar verdubbeld. Dat verklaren een aantal wetenschappers – er is discussie – met de zogeheten hygiënehypothese, die zegt dat contact met allergenen in onze jeugd cruciaal is, om later allergieën te voorkomen.’ Maar een maagdarminfectie is geen allergie, beklemtoont Van Ranst. ‘Vandaag halen die opgebroken jeugdkampen de media, maar niets wijst erop dat er meer incidenten zouden zijn dan vroeger. Die jongeren zijn hoogstwaarschijnlijk geteisterd door een norovirus. Een derde van alle mensen is daartegen genetisch resistent, twee derde wordt er ziek van. Dat is de grootte van zo’n epidemie als je die z’n gang laat gaan. Honderd jaar geleden was dat zo. En dat is vandaag niet anders.’

We zijn meer gevaccineerd tegen aandoeningen waaraan kinderen vroeger stierven – denk aan polio, mazelen, rode hond – en in die zin net weerbaarder, voert Van Ranst nog aan.

Maar ook als we die kinderziektes buiten beschouwing laten, is er meer tegen dan voor Van Tendeloo’s claim. ‘Het aantal bacteriële doden stijgt niet’, zegt immunoloog Adrian Liston (KU Leuven). ‘Wel is er een verschuiving bezig. Het klopt dat ons afweersysteem het moeilijk heeft met uitdagingen die het niet vaak tegenkomt. Aangezien we almaar meer in steden wonen en minder op het platteland, worden we gemiddeld minder goed in het neerslaan van rurale infecties – tegen grondbacteriën zoals Legionella, bijvoorbeeld – en beter in het afweren van infecties die mensen op elkaar overdragen. Maar in slotsom zijn we sterker dan ooit tevoren.’

Conclusie:

Omdat we volgens wetenschappers geen systematisch probleem hebben met neerslaan van bacteriën, beoordeelt Knack de stelling als grotendeels onwaar.